Google ScholarĢ6 Liu, Tai, Discord in Sion: The Puritan Divines and the Puritan Revolution, 1640–1660 ( The Hague, 1973), p. K., “ ‘Independent’ and ‘Presbyterian’: A Study of Religious and Political Language and the Politics of Words during the English Civil War, c. thesis, University of Kent, 1975) Google Scholar Graham, J. 1 (June 1982): 23– 47 CrossRef Google Scholar, and “ ‘Jacob and Esau Struggling in the Wombe:’ A Study of Presbyterian and Independent Religious Conflicts 1640–48” (Ph.D. For recent studies of Independents and Presbyterians, see Bradley, Rosemary D., “ The Failure of Accommodation: Religious Conflicts between Presbyterians and Independents in the Westminster Assembly, 1643–1646,” Journal of Religious History 12, no. See also Foster, Stephen, “ The Presbyterian Independents Exorcized,” Past and Present 44 (August 1969): 52– 77 CrossRef Google Scholar. 1), see: Underdown, David, “ The Independents Reconsidered,” The Journal of British Studies 3 ( 1965): 57– 84 CrossRef Google Scholar Yule's, reply “ Independents and Revolutionaries,” The Journal of British Studies 7 ( 1968): 11– 32 CrossRef Google Scholar Underdown replied to this in “ The Independents Again,” The Journal of British Studies 8 ( 1968): 83– 93 CrossRef Google Scholar.
“As early as 1643,” wrote one expert on the issue of toleration, “when the English Parliament was obliged to ally with the Scots in the Solemn League and Covenant … the issue of toleration came to the fore.” Consequently, because “the Presbyterian Scots wished to impose their Calvinist order on England, against the opposition on the parliamentary side of a core of Independents led by Oliver Cromwell and Sir Henry Vane the Younger,” the Independents “became the leading opponents of Presbyterianism and supporters of a general toleration.”ġ7 On the controversy that follows Yule's attempt to find correlation between religion and politics, ( The Independents in the English Civil War, p. Frequently these patterns are neither logical nor coherent, but the sanction of use and wont behind them is so powerful that researchers tend to force new materials into the time-honored model.” This contention is nowhere more manifest than in the historiography of the Puritan Revolution, where studies of religious developments and struggles during the English Civil War indeed reveal a “time honored model” and tend to convey an almost univocal argument concerning the Independents and the rise of the idea of religious toleration.
“Patterns sanctified by great historiographic traditions,” wrote J.